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Most Recent Articles Published on Psychoses

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[Diagnostic criteria for fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.]

Arch Argent Pediatr. 2010 Feb;108(1):61-7

Authors: Evrard SG

Prenatal ethanol exposure, in our professional practice, is an almost neglected condition as an important etiological factor for the induction of a wide spectrum of neuropsychiatric diseases that may appear during childhood, adolescence or adulthood. Children born to alcoholic mothers may show a profound mental retardation ranging to an apparent normality, and extending through epilepsy, attention deficit disorders with or without hyperactivity, autism and pervasive developmental disorders, and different types of learning disorders. When adolescents, they may develop different kinds of personality disorders and substance abuse disorders. Finally, in adulthood, they may suffer from different types of affective and psychotic disorders, among others. A great number of those children may not develop their full mental and social potentiality as free individuals. They usually have diverse types of cognitive, attentional, mnemonic and affective impairments. Not infrequently, they engage in antisocial behaviors or have school or work troubles. In this work, the present clinical classifications and diagnostic criteria for the disorders emerging from a prenatal ethanol exposure are reviewed in order to call attention to the medical pediatric and neuropsychiatric community about the increasingly, although underdiagnosed, frequency of these disorders in our country.

PMID: 20204241 [PubMed - in process]

[Valproate induced hypoactive delirium in a bipolar disorder patient with psychotic features.]

Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2010;21(1):79-84

Authors: Ozen S, Bülbül I, Soyuçok E

Delirium may present with hyperactive, hypoactive or mixed clinical pictures. The signs of hypoactive delirium are lethargy, confusion, apathy, hypersomnia, muttering, difficulty in maintaining attention, and difficulty in understanding and performing commands. Valproate is commonly used for the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorders. It is also used for the management of alcohol withdrawal delirium and agitative-aggressive deliriums. However, few reports are available about the valproate-induced delirium. In this report, we present a 46 years-old woman with bipolar disorder for 14 years. During her last two hospital admissions, she had been diagnosed with manic episode with psychotic features and she had received valproate. She experienced three hypoactive delirium episodes lasting 2-3 days throughout the treatment period of first week. The patient predominantly had the following signs; vomiting, hypersalivation, confusion, drowsiness, dysphasia, and hypoactivity. At the first day of delirium episode, serum valproate level was found to be within the therapeutic range (98.4, 117.1, and 65.6 mug/ml; respectively). In addition, she had normal results of cranial MRI, complete blood count, urine analysis, electrocardiogram, ALT, AST, albumin, bilirubin, BUN, creatinine and electrolytes. The serum ammonia level of the patient could not been measured due to limitations of laboratory facilities. The patient's consciousness improved dramatically 2-3 days after cessation of valproate. In conclusion, valproate can induce delirium at therapeutic blood levels in some patients via various mechanisms and this side effect has to be considered during valproate use.

PMID: 20204907 [PubMed - in process]

[Imaginal exposure treatment for a post-traumatic stress disorder in a patient with a comorbid psychotic disorder.]

Tijdschr Psychiatr. 2010;52(3):191-5

Authors: van den Berg M, Hendriks GJ, van Minnen A

A patient suffering from both post-traumatic stress disorder (ptsd) and a comorbid schizoaffective disorder was treated with imaginal exposure treatment. After 26 sessions the ptsd symptoms were in full remission. This was still the case at follow-up after 12 and 24 months. Furthermore, the patient was no longer on antipsychotic medication. The case shows that ptsd can be treated successfully even if patients have a psychotic disorder. In view of the severity of both disorders it is at least worth trying imaginal exposure treatment.

PMID: 20205082 [PubMed - in process]

Evidence of the effectiveness of a specialist vocational intervention following first episode psychosis: a naturalistic prospective cohort study.

Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2010 Jan;45(1):1-8

Authors: Major BS, Hinton MF, Flint A, Chalmers-Brown A, McLoughlin K, Johnson S

BACKGROUND: Employment rates among people with severe mental illness are low and work has beneficial effects on mental health. There is now good evidence of the effectiveness of a specialist vocational intervention (supported employment) in people with schizophrenia. However, the potential benefits of modifying this model for use in first episode psychosis cohorts remain relatively untested. METHODS: The aim of our study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a specialist vocational intervention in aiding vocational recovery following the onset of first episode psychosis. In a naturalistic prospective cohort study, 114 first episode psychosis service users were followed up during 12 months of engagement with an early intervention service; 44 resident in an area where a vocational intervention was available and 70 in an area where it was not. RESULTS: The main finding in our study was that having access to the specialist vocational intervention was a statistically significant independent predictor of vocational recovery during 12 months of follow-up (after adjusting for confounders). Service users who had access to the intervention had odds of achieving vocational recovery 3.53 times greater than those who did not (OR = 3.53, 95% CI = 1.25-10.00). CONCLUSION: This study provides further preliminary evidence of the effectiveness of a specialist vocational intervention following first episode psychosis. This is an important outcome from the perspective of service users and clinicians alike (as well as having wider societal value). Other important predictors of vocational recovery cannot be modified by the time a first episode psychosis emerges.

PMID: 19305936 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

[Association between the tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) gene polymorphic markers and endogenous psychoses]

Genetika. 2009 Dec;45(12):1668-73

Authors:

Tryptophan hydroxylase is one of the key enzymes involved in serotonergic metabolism. In many studies, an association between the TPH gene and human mentality, as well as mental disorder was demonstrated. This study was designed to analyze the association between three TPH gene polymorphisms (A218C, T3792A, and (CT)n(CA)n(CT)n) and endogenous psychoses. The patients included into investigation were represented by those with manic-depressive psychosis (93 individuals) and those with the schizophrenia spectrum disorders (307 individuals). An association between the A218C polymorphism with the disorders of the schizophrenia spectrum was demonstrated. These findings confirmed the data obtained earlier for other populations. In addition, an association between the (CT)n(CA)n(CT)n microsatellite repeats and bipolar disease was shown for the first time.

PMID: 20198979 [PubMed - in process]

Assessing clinicians' management of first episode schizophrenia using clinical case vignettes.

Early Interv Psychiatry. 2010 Feb 1;4(1):31-8

Authors: Huffman JC, Freudenreich O, Romeo S, Baer L, Sutton-Skinner K, Petersen T, Fromson JA, Birnbaum RJ

Abstract Background: Patients with first episode schizophrenia may present in a variety of clinical settings to providers who have a range of knowledge and skills. A thoughtful workup of patients with new-onset psychosis is critical, and the treatment of first episode schizophrenia differs from that of chronic psychotic disorders. Clinical case vignettes with free-form responses can be used to carefully assess whether front line practitioners provide guideline-adherent management of first episode psychosis. Methods: A clinical case vignette, presenting a patient with first episode schizophrenia, was created and administered to the attendees of a continuing medical education programme. Free-form responses to questions regarding differential diagnosis, workup, treatment and treatment duration were scored based on published practice guidelines. Response frequencies were tabulated and performance was compared among professional disciplines. Results: Sixty-two attendees completed the vignette. Though the attendees typically considered a broad differential diagnosis and appropriately initiated treatment with antipsychotics, the respondents' proposed medical workup was limited, and they prescribed antipsychotics at higher doses and for a shorter duration than recommended in the literature. The prescribers outperformed the non-prescribers on treatment questions (P = 0.006), but the two groups' performance did not signficantly differ on the assessment questions (P = 0.08). Conclusions: The front line clinicians who encounter patients with first episode schizophrenia may have significant practice gaps in the initial and follow-up care of these patients. Given the preliminary nature of this study and the debate about the optimal care for first episode psychosis, further study is needed. If such gaps are confirmed, additional educational interventions are required to align clinical management with published practice guidelines.

PMID: 20199478 [PubMed - in process]

[Foreign patients in a community psychiatry centre.]

Ugeskr Laeger. 2010 Mar 1;172(9):684-688

Authors: Stenager E, Andersen KO, Taha J, Vestergård K, Stadsvold K

INTRODUCTION: Over the last ten years more patients have been referred to the District Psychiatric Centre (DPC) in Odense. We therefore found it relevant to investigate the following in this study: - To register patients with foreign background, who are receiving psychiatric treatment in DPC. - Through a nested case control study to evaluate if/how foreign patients in DPC differ from the remaining patient group. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was a nested case control study. Relevant clinical information concerning foreign patients was compared to Danish controls. RESULTS: A total of 168 patients participated in the study, among these 60 with a foreign background. The study showed that Danish patients more often received early retirement pension, more frequently received 2nd generation antipsychotics, and more frequently received the social support services offered for psychotic patients in the community. Foreign patients more frequently lived with family and children than the Danes. Furthermore, they had a shorter illness duration and had less frequently been admitted to a psychiatric department. CONCLUSION: Based on this study it is emphasised that the efforts to assist foreign patients with psychiatric disorders should be improved. I.e. through inexpensive medicine, specialised teams, better coordination between psychiatrist and the municipality, and improved knowledge of the consequences of psychiatric disorders among the foreign patients.

PMID: 20199744 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

[Metabolic and cardiovascular health in mental disorders]

Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2010 Feb 11;130(3):285-6

Authors: Birkeland KI

PMID: 20160775 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Porencephaly and psychosis: a case report and review of the literature.

BMC Psychiatry. 2010 Mar 2;10(1):19

Authors: Douzenis A, Rizos EN, Papadopoulou A, Papathanassiou M, Lykouras L

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Malformations of the cerebral cortex are often associated with developmental delay and psychoses. Porencephaly is a rare congenital disorder of central nervous system involving a cyst or a cavity filled with cerebrospinal fluid, in brain's parenchyma. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a 25 years old woman with her first psychotic episode. She also suffers from porencephaly in the frontotemporal lobes region. It is emphasized that the two consistently abnormal brain regions in schizophrenia research had significant damage in this patient since birth.There is a total of only five cases of schizencephaly or porencephaly associated with psychosis in in the scientific literature. Their clinical characteristics as well as the imaging results are described. CONCLUSION: It is unclear if porencephaly and psychosis concur by chance or are causally related. The area where the porencephalic cysts appear seems to be of relevance. This case highlights the need for further research.

PMID: 20196853 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Depersonalization in Patients with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders, First-Degree Relatives and Normal Controls.

Psychopathology. 2010 Feb 27;43(3):141-149

Authors: Gonzalez-Torres MA, Inchausti L, Aristegui M, Ibañez B, Diez L, Fernandez-Rivas A, Bustamante S, Haidar K, Rodríguez-Zabaleta M, Mingo A

Background: Depersonalization occurs in healthy individuals and across a broad range of psychiatric patients. Data on depersonalization in persons linked to patients through genetics, environment or education are scarce. Due to their higher risk of developing psychosis, first-degree healthy relatives might show differences with the general population. This study examines depersonalization in patients with schizophrenia or schizophrenia spectrum disorders, their first-degree healthy relatives and normal controls. Methods: The Cambridge Depersonalization Scale was used to measure depersonalization in a sample of 147 clinically stable patients with schizophrenia or schizophrenia spectrum disorders, 73 first-degree relatives with no psychiatric history and 172 healthy controls. Mixed effect models were used to account for both the familial structure of the data and the effect of sociodemographic characteristics. Results: Patients obtained higher scores than relatives and controls for frequency and duration of depersonalization experiences, number of items responded positively and total depersonalization, while first-degree relatives obtained lower scores than patients and controls for all these characteristics. Conclusions: First-degree relatives of patients reported fewer episodes of depersonalization, which were less intense and of shorter duration, than healthy controls. This finding might be related to a protection mechanism that keeps first-degree relatives away from near-psychotic experiences. The nature of such a mechanism remains to be discovered.

PMID: 20197707 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

The Environmental Cleanliness and Clutter Scale (ECCS).

Int Psychogeriatr. 2009 Dec;21(6):1041-50

Authors: Halliday G, Snowdon J

BACKGROUND: Development of a scale to rate the degree and various aspects of uncleanliness will facilitate description and research in cases of severe domestic squalor. METHODS: Discussion with representatives of relevant agencies led to selection of various aspects of domestic uncleanliness and clutter to be assessed when describing cases of squalor. Rooms and areas with varying functions (toilet, kitchen, bedroom, etc.) were all to be rated, along with other indicators of squalor (e.g. odor, vermin). Trial use and further discussion resulted in reduction to ten items, each rated on a four-point scale, with succinct descriptions of anchor-points. Two experienced psychogeriatricians then used this new Environmental Cleanliness and Clutter Scale (ECCS) to rate independently 55 dwellings which had been reported by Aged Care staff as cluttered or unclean, and also rated overall degree of squalor. Reliability and indications of validity were analyzed. RESULTS: The inter-rater reliability for the ten items was considered satisfactory (kappa 0.48, varying from 0.31 to 0.58). Cronbach's alpha for the new scale was 0.94, demonstrating high internal consistency. Each author's ratings of degree of squalor (none to severe) matched well with the other's ratings on the scale; a score of >12 usually indicated moderate or severe squalor. CONCLUSION: The ECCS proved reliable and useful in rating cases where elderly people were living in severe domestic squalor.

PMID: 19589191 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Risperidone associated weight, leptin, and anthropometric changes in children and adolescents with psychotic disorders in early treatment.

Hum Psychopharmacol. 2010 Mar 1;25(2):133-138

Authors: Maayan LA, Vakhrusheva J

OBJECTIVE: To document prospective weight and anthropometric changes in children and adolescents during the first 12 weeks of treatment with risperidone and evaluate metabolic outcomes including plasma leptin levels. METHOD: Eight patients with psychotic disorders (ages 11-17) who had started risperidone (mean: 1.80 mg/day; sd = 1.04) in the prior 4 weeks participated in this observational study. Fasting morning blood samples were obtained at baseline and week 8 to assess glucose, leptin, cortisol, insulin, and triglycerides. Measures of body mass index (BMI), weight, waist and hip circumference, blood pressure, and heart rate were obtained weekly. RESULTS: Participants increased in mean weight (4.16 kg; sd = 4.36; p = 0.03) and BMI (1.47 kg/m(2); sd = 1.53; p = 0.03) with five out of eight gaining at least 7% of baseline body weight. They had a 4.03 cm (sd = 3.82; p = 0.02) increase in waist circumference and a 5.17 cm (sd = 3.68; p = 0.01) increase in hip circumference. Leptin trended higher, but did not reach statistical significance. There were no significant changes in glucose, insulin, cortisol, blood pressure, or heart rate. CONCLUSION: Subjects experienced significant increases in weight, BMI, hip and waist circumference during the first 3 months of treatment. Better powered research with more advanced anthropometric assessment is warranted to further elucidate mechanisms of antipsychotic associated weight gain in youth. Copyright (c) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID: 20196182 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Changes in medication practices for hospitalized psychiatric patients: 2009 versus 2004.

Hum Psychopharmacol. 2010 Mar 1;25(2):179-186

Authors: Centorrino F, Ventriglio A, Vincenti A, Talamo A, Baldessarini RJ

BACKGROUND: We tested the hypothesis that combinations and total daily doses of psychotropics for hospitalized patients diagnosed with major psychiatric disorders are rising. METHODS: We evaluated McLean Hospital records of 481 consecutive inpatients with DSM-IV schizophrenia, schizoaffective, or bipolar disorders in 2004 (n = 278) or 2009 (n = 203) to compare characteristics and treatments. RESULTS: In 2009, Clinical Global Impression (CGI)-severity scores were 6% lower at intake and improved 1.7 times more than in 2004, as hospitalization-length decreased by 12%. Polytherapy (>/= 2 psychotropics) increased in 2009 (affective or schizoaffective disorders > schizophrenia). Total psychotropics/patient (3.1-3.2) remained stable but mood-stabilizers/patient increased markedly and antipsychotics/patient decreased somewhat in 2009. Antipsychotic-choice (2009) ranked: quetiapine, aripiprazole, risperidone, and others; mood-stabilizers ranked: lamotrigine, valproate, lithium, and others (1/4 off-label). In 2009, final total antipsychotic doses (mg/day) increased by 97%, and mood-stabilizers by 75%. Adverse-effect rates fell by half. Factors differing independently for 2009 versus 2004 ranked: (a) more CGI improvement, (b) more mood-stabilizers/patient, (c) lower admission CGI scores, and (c) higher total antipsychotic dose. COMMENT: Combinations and doses of antipsychotic and mood-stabilizing drugs for inpatients increased markedly (2004 vs. 2009) without consistent correspondence of agents/person and doses, without apparent increase in major adverse effects, and with possibly superior clinical improvement. Copyright (c) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID: 20196186 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Obsessive-compulsive disorder followed by psychotic episode in long-term ecstasy misuse.

World J Biol Psychiatry. 2009;10(4 Pt 2):599-602

Authors: Marchesi C, Tonna M, Maggini C

AIM: We report the case of two young subjects who developed an obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) during a heavy use of ecstasy. After several months of discontinuation of the drug, major depression with psychotic features developed in one subject and a psychotic disorder in the other individual. No mental disorder preceded the use of ecstasy in any subject. FINDINGS: A familial and personality vulnerability for mental disorder was revealed in one subject, but not in the other, and all physical, laboratory and cerebral NMR evaluations showed normal results in both patients. Remission of OCD and depressive episode or psychotic disorder was achieved after treatment with a serotoninergic medication associated with an antipsychotic. CONCLUSIONS: The heavy long-term use of ecstasy may induce an alteration in the brain balance between serotonin and dopamine, which might constitute a pathophysiological mechanism underlying the onset of obsessive-compulsive, depressive and psychotic symptoms. The heavy use of ecstasy probably interacted with a vulnerability to psychiatric disorder in one subject, whereas we cannot exclude that an "ecstasy disorder" ex novo affected the other individual.

PMID: 17853269 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Treatment of unipolar psychotic depression: the use of evidence in practice guidelines.

World J Biol Psychiatry. 2009;10(4 Pt 2):409-15

Authors: Wijkstra J, Schubart CD, Nolen WA

INTRODUCTION: In a recent meta-analysis we found no evidence that an antidepressant plus an antipsychotic is more effective than an antidepressant alone in unipolar psychotic depression. However, most current guidelines recommend the combination over an antidepressant alone. METHOD: We assessed available guidelines by the AGREE instrument and discuss their recommendations in relation to the evidence as referred to in the guidelines. RESULTS: The UK-NICE guideline had the highest AGREE quality score, followed by the Dutch, Australian, and US-APA guidelines. Guidelines are not always consistent with at date of publication available evidence and (with exception of the UK-NICE and Dutch guidelines) also not with the in that guideline referred evidence. CONCLUSION: Physicians (and patients) should be aware that in guidelines treatment recommendations may be less evidence-based than asserted, even when treatment recommendations are stated as being based on the highest level of evidence.

PMID: 17963187 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Differential predictors of critical comments and emotional over-involvement in first-episode psychosis.

Psychol Med. 2010 Jan;40(1):63-72

Authors: Alvarez-Jiménez M, Gleeson JF, Cotton SM, Wade D, Crisp K, Yap MB, McGorry PD

BACKGROUND: Little research has focused on delineating the specific predictors of emotional over-involvement (EOI) and critical comments (CC) in the early course of psychosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the differential relationships of EOI and CC with relevant predictors in relatives of first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients. Method: Baseline patient-related factors including psychotic symptoms, depression and duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) and carer attributes comprising CC, EOI, burden of care and carers' stress and depression were assessed in a cohort of 63 remitted FEP patients and their relatives. Carers were reassessed at 7 months follow-up. RESULTS: Baseline analysis showed that EOI was more strongly correlated with family stress compared with CC, whereas CC yielded a stronger association with DUP than EOI. Carers' CC at follow-up was not significantly predicted by either baseline family stress, burden of care or patient-related variables. Conversely, baseline EOI predicted both family stress and burden of care at 7 months follow-up. Finally, family burden of care at follow-up was a function of baseline EOI and patients' depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides preliminary support to the postulate that EOI and CC may be influenced by separate factors early in the course of psychosis and warrant future research and therapeutic interventions as separate constructs. Implications for family interventions in the early phase of psychosis and the prevention of CC and EOI are discussed.

PMID: 19079825 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Cognitive behavioural therapy for major psychiatric disorder: does it really work? A meta-analytical review of well-controlled trials.

Psychol Med. 2010 Jan;40(1):9-24

Authors: Lynch D, Laws KR, McKenna PJ

BACKGROUND: Although cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is claimed to be effective in schizophrenia, major depression and bipolar disorder, there have been negative findings in well-conducted studies and meta-analyses have not fully considered the potential influence of blindness or the use of control interventions. METHOD: We pooled data from published trials of CBT in schizophrenia, major depression and bipolar disorder that used controls for non-specific effects of intervention. Trials of effectiveness against relapse were also pooled, including those that compared CBT to treatment as usual (TAU). Blinding was examined as a moderating factor. RESULTS: CBT was not effective in reducing symptoms in schizophrenia or in preventing relapse. CBT was effective in reducing symptoms in major depression, although the effect size was small, and in reducing relapse. CBT was ineffective in reducing relapse in bipolar disorder. CONCLUSIONS: CBT is no better than non-specific control interventions in the treatment of schizophrenia and does not reduce relapse rates. It is effective in major depression but the size of the effect is small in treatment studies. On present evidence CBT is not an effective treatment strategy for prevention of relapse in bipolar disorder.

PMID: 19476688 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Efficacy and effectiveness of individual family intervention on social and clinical functioning and family burden in severe schizophrenia: a 2-year randomized controlled study.

Psychol Med. 2010 Jan;40(1):73-84

Authors: Girón M, Fernández-Yañez A, Mañá-Alvarenga S, Molina-Habas A, Nolasco A, Gómez-Beneyto M

BACKGROUND: Empirical evidence of the efficacy and effectiveness of psychosocial family intervention and of the specificity of its effects on the course of schizophrenia is limited. The aim was to study the efficacy and effectiveness of psychosocial family intervention with regard to clinical and social functioning and family burden after controlling for compliance and several prognostic factors. METHOD: A 2-year randomized controlled trial with blind assessments. Fifty patients with DSM-IV schizophrenia and persistent positive symptoms and/or previous clinical relapse were allocated to psychosocial family intervention, individual counselling and standard treatment versus individual counselling and standard treatment. RESULTS: Family intervention was associated with fewer clinical relapses, hospitalizations and major incidents, and an improvement in positive and negative symptoms, social role performance, social relations, employment and family burden. The reduction in hospitalizations in the family intervention group was significantly greater than that observed in the group of patients who refused to participate but this was not the case for the control group. The effects of family intervention were independent of compliance and prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS: Family intervention is effective in severe schizophrenia independently of compliance and prognostic factors.

PMID: 19490746 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Use of aripiprazole in tardive dyskinesia: an open label study of six cases.

World J Biol Psychiatry. 2009;10(4 Pt 2):416-9

Authors: Rajarethinam R, Dziuba J, Manji S, Pizzuti A, Lachover L, Keshavan M

Aripiprazole, a partial dopamine agonist has been reported to help reduce symptoms of tardive dyskinesia (TD). In a prospective, open label study of a series of cases, we examined the effectiveness of aripiprazole in reducing TD symptoms. Six clinically stable patients with schizophrenia or Schizoaffective disorder and a moderate to severe TD participated in this study. They were systematically cross-titrated from their current medication to aripiprazole and maintained for 16 weeks. The mean extra pyramidal symptom score measured by Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) improved from a baseline score of 15.8 to final score of 5 (paired t-test; P=0.0009). The severity of psychiatric symptoms remained unchanged. This study supports our hypothesis that clinically stable patients with moderate tardive dyskinesia who are under treatment with other first- or second-generation antipsychotics may benefit from switching to aripiprazole with a reduction of TD symptoms but with out any significant benefit in psychiatric symptoms. The results need to be viewed with caution and not considered as indicative of a viable treatment option for TD as this is an open label study, and a small sample size.

PMID: 19492247 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Over-simplification and exclusion of non-conforming studies can demonstrate absence of effect: a lynching party?

Psychol Med. 2010 Jan;40(1):25-7

Authors: Kingdon D

PMID: 19570315 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

The 16th Biennial Winter Workshop in Psychoses

A research conference focusing on Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorders and Other Psychoses

30 Jan - 2 Feb 2011, Innsbruck

Co-Chairs: Profs. Bernd Gallhofer (D) & Marion Leboyer (F)

Most Recent Articles Published on Psychoses