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15th Winter Workshop
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Most Recent Articles Published on Psychoses

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A functional polymorphism in estrogen receptor alpha gene is associated with Japanese methamphetamine induced psychosis.

Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2009 Aug 1;33(5):895-8

Authors: Kishi T, Ikeda M, Kitajima T, Yamanouchi Y, Kinoshita Y, Kawashima K, Okochi T, Tsunoka T, Okumura T, Inada T, Ujike H, Yamada M, Uchimura N, Sora I, Iyo M, Ozaki N, Iwata N

BACKGROUND: A recent study reported an association between rs2234693, which influences enhancer activity levels in estrogen receptor alpha gene (ESR1), and schizophrenia. This study reported that schizophrenic patients with the CC genotype have significantly lower ESR1 mRNA levels in the prefrontal cortex than patients with other genotypes. The symptoms of methamphetamine induced psychosis are similar to those of paranoid type schizophrenia. Therefore, we conducted an association analysis of rs2234693 with Japanese methamphetamine induced psychosis patients. METHOD: Using rs2234693, we conducted a genetic association analysis of case-control samples (197 methamphetamine induced psychosis patients and 197 healthy controls). The age and sex of the control subjects did not differ from those of the methamphetamine induced psychosis patients. RESULTS: We detected a significant association between ESR1 and methamphetamine induced psychosis patients in allele/genotype-wise analysis. For further interpretation of these associations, we performed single marker analysis of subjects divided by sex. Rs2234693 was associated with male methamphetamine induced psychosis. DISCUSSION: Our results suggest that rs2234693 in ESR1 may play a role in the pathophysiology of Japanese methamphetamine induced psychosis patients.

PMID: 19386276 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Genetic association analysis of NRG1 with methamphetamine-induced psychosis in a Japanese population.

Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2009 Aug 1;33(5):903-5

Authors: Okochi T, Kishi T, Ikeda M, Kitajima T, Kinoshita Y, Kawashima K, Okumura T, Tsunoka T, Inada T, Yamada M, Uchimura N, Iyo M, Sora I, Ozaki N, Ujike H, Iwata N

The neuregulin 1 gene (NRG1) has been identified as a candidate gene for schizophrenia in a linkage study in the Icelandic population. Recent evidence also suggested that it might be related to the neurodevelopmental hypothesis and glutamate hypothesis for schizophrenia. Because the symptomatology of methamphetamine (METH) use disorder with accompanying psychosis is similar to that of patients with schizophrenia, NRG1 is an appropriate candidate gene for METH-induced psychosis. We conducted a case-control association study between NRG1 and METH-induced psychosis in a Japanese population (184 subjects with METH-induced psychosis and 534 controls). Written informed consent was obtained from each subject. We selected four SNPs (SNP8NRG221533, SNP8NRG241930, SNP8NRG243177, and rs3924999) in NRG1 from previous reports. No significant association was found between NRG1 and METH-induced psychosis in the allele/genotype-wise or haplotype-wise analyses. In conclusion, NRG1 might not contribute to the risk of METH-induced psychosis in the Japanese population.

PMID: 19394386 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Predictors of long-term treatment effect of rivastigmine in Alzheimer's disease: a role for beta-amyloid plasma levels?

Neurol Neurochir Pol. 2009 Nov-Dec;43(6):507-16

Authors: Sobów T, Kłoszewska I, Flirski M, Liberski P

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEI) are currently the mainstream symptomatic treatment of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). To this end, the response to the treatment with ChEI is clinically difficult to predict. Several demographic, clinical and biological variables have been proposed as pre-treatment predictors of long-term therapy efficacy. The aim of the study was to confirm our initial observations of the significance of a change in plasma levels of beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptides after initial treat-ment with rivastigmine for predicting clinical response to ChEI. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty-four carefully selected subjects (37 females) satisfying criteria for mild (n = 25) or moderate (n = 29) AD were included in the study. Rivastigmine was prescribed at the initial dose of 3 mg/day b.i.d.; the dose was escalated to the maximum tolerated one in at least 4-week intervals. The response to treatment was assessed using the ADAS-Cog and CDR scales. Whole blood samples were collected twice: before the first rivastigmine dose and at the 2nd week on active treatment. Levels of Abeta(1-40) and Abeta(1-42) were measured in plasma using a commercially available ELISA. RESULTS: We confirmed that higher initial disease severity (higher ADAS-Cog scores) and the increase in the con-centration of plasma Abeta(1-42) peptide following 2 weeks of treatment with an initial dose of rivastigmine increased the chance of a clinically meaningful response to ChEI therapy in AD patients after 2 years of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: A change in plasma Abeta(1-42) level might constitute a novel biochemical predictor of long-term rivastigmine treatment efficacy in AD.

PMID: 20054753 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

[Akathisia--diagnosis, pathophysiology and therapy]

Psychiatr Pol. 2009 Jul-Aug;43(4):387-402

Authors: Zyss T, Banach M, Zieba A

Akathisia is an atypical disorder (or the symptom) of the motor system standing on the border of neurology and psychiatry. In neurology, akathisia is a disorder resulting mainly from disturbed dopaminergic transmission; in the field of psychiatry it is recognized as one of the extrapiramidal side effects during the treatment with neuroleptics. The paper describes the historical context of disorder defined as akathisia, its clinical course, pathophysiology, as well as therapy.

PMID: 20128247 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

[Some questions about the essence of delusions in the light of recent neurobiological findings]

Psychiatr Pol. 2009 Jul-Aug;43(4):403-10

Authors: Murawiec S

Formation of delusions in the phase of acute psychosis is based on two subsequent processes. The first one is dopamine hyperactivity in mesolimbic neural pathways, the second one is a cognitive process of up-down attribution of meanings of this subjectively perceived state of mind by the higher levels of brain. After the successful antipsychotic treatment, the subjectivity of patients changes. When the state of acute psychosis resolves patients must re-interpret this new emerging subjective experience. These interpretations are often incorrect and bizarre. In most cases they are regarded as delusions (sometimes "chronic delusions"). The question asked in the presented paper is whether they are truly delusions. The essence of delusion must include in the same time an active neurobiological basis of delusion (hyperdopaminergic state) and its cognitive level. It's not clear what is the proper term for the phenomenon when only incorrect or bizarre cognitive convictions are present after successful treatment of psychosis, but without dopaminergic hyperactivity.

PMID: 20128248 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

A history of childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) impacts clinical outcome in adult bipolar patients regardless of current ADHD.

Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2009 Sep;120(3):239-46

Authors: Rydén E, Thase ME, Stråht D, Aberg-Wistedt A, Bejerot S, Landén M

OBJECTIVE: The occurrence of comorbid attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) might have an impact of the course of the bipolar disorder. METHOD: Patients with bipolar disorder (n = 159) underwent a comprehensive evaluation with respect to affective symptoms. Independent psychiatrists assessed childhood and current ADHD, and an interview with a parent was undertaken. RESULTS: The prevalence of adult ADHD was 16%. An additional 12% met the criteria for childhood ADHD without meeting criteria for adult ADHD. Both these groups had significantly earlier onset of their first affective episode, more frequent affective episodes (except manic episodes), and more interpersonal violence than the bipolar patients without a history of ADHD. CONCLUSION: The fact that bipolar patients with a history of childhood ADHD have a different clinical outcome than the pure bipolar group, regardless of whether the ADHD symptoms remained in adulthood or not, suggests that it represent a distinct early-onset phenotype of bipolar disorder.

PMID: 19426162 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Treatment of schizoaffective disorder - a challenge for evidence-based psychiatry.

Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2010 Jan;121(1):22-32

Authors: Jäger M, Becker T, Weinmann S, Frasch K

OBJECTIVE: Schizoaffective disorder is a common diagnosis in mental health services. The aim of the present article was to review treatment studies for schizoaffective disorder and draw conclusions for clinical decision making. METHOD: We searched MEDLINE and Cochrane Library for relevant clinical trials and review articles up to the year 2008. RESULTS: Thirty-three studies using standardized diagnostic criteria, 14 of which were randomized controlled trials, could be identified. The comparability of studies is limited by the use of different diagnostic criteria. The studies reviewed do not permit consistent recommendations as to whether schizoaffective disorder should be treated primarily with antipsychotics, mood stabilizers or combinations of these drugs. The relevance of diverse subtypes of schizoaffective disorder for treatment recommendations is unclear. CONCLUSION: The pertinent empirical database is small and heterogeneous. The lack of conclusive recommendations is related to issues of nosological status, plurality of diagnostic criteria and validity of the concept of schizoaffective disorder.

PMID: 19570108 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Psychosis.

Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2010 Jan;121(1):79; author reply 79-80

Authors: Friis S

PMID: 19895622 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

High-potency cannabis and the risk of psychosis.

Br J Psychiatry. 2009 Dec;195(6):488-91

Authors: Di Forti M, Morgan C, Dazzan P, Pariante C, Mondelli V, Marques TR, Handley R, Luzi S, Russo M, Paparelli A, Butt A, Stilo SA, Wiffen B, Powell J, Murray RM

BACKGROUND: People who use cannabis have an increased risk of psychosis, an effect attributed to the active ingredient Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta 9-THC). There has recently been concern over an increase in the concentration of Delta 9-THC in the cannabis available in many countries. AIMS: To investigate whether people with a first episode of psychosis were particularly likely to use high-potency cannabis. METHOD: We collected information on cannabis use from 280 cases presenting with a first episode of psychosis to the South London & Maudsley National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, and from 174 healthy controls recruited from the local population. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between cases and controls in whether they had ever taken cannabis, or age at first use. However, those in the cases group were more likely to be current daily users (OR = 6.4) and to have smoked cannabis for more than 5 years (OR = 2.1). Among those who used cannabis, 78% of the cases group used high-potency cannabis (sinsemilla, 'skunk') compared with 37% of the control group (OR 6.8). CONCLUSIONS: The finding that people with a first episode of psychosis had smoked higher-potency cannabis, for longer and with greater frequency, than a healthy control group is consistent with the hypothesis that Delta 9-THC is the active ingredient increasing risk of psychosis. This has important public health implications, given the increased availability and use of high-potency cannabis.

PMID: 19949195 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Fahr's disease - a model of neuropsychiatric illness with cognitive and psychotic symptoms.

Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2010 Jan;121(1):78

Authors: Bourgeois JA

PMID: 20059454 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Puerperal psychosis.

Arch Womens Ment Health. 2010 Feb;13(1):45-7

Authors: Boyce P, Barriball E

PMID: 20127455 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Research in people with psychosis risk syndrome: a review of the current evidence and future directions.

J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2010 Feb 26;

Authors: Correll CU, Hauser M, Auther AM, Cornblatt BA

After decades of research, schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders are still among the most debilitating disorders in medicine. The chronic illness course in most individuals, greater treatment responsiveness during the first episode, progressive gray matter decline during early disease stages, and retrospective accounts of 'prodromal' or early illness signs and symptoms formed the basis for research on the psychosis risk syndrome (PRS), known variably as 'clinical high risk' (CHR), or 'ultra-high risk' (UHR), or 'prodromal'. The pioneering era of research on PRS focused on the development and validation of specific assessment tools and the delineation of high risk criteria. This was followed by the examination of conversion rates in psychosis risk cohorts followed naturalistically, identification of predictors of conversion to psychosis, and investigation of interventions able to abort or delay the development of full psychosis. Despite initially encouraging results concerning the predictive validity of PRS criteria, recent findings of declining conversion rates demonstrate the need for further investigations. Results from intervention studies, mostly involving second-generation antipsychotics and cognitive behavioral therapy, are encouraging, but are currently still insufficient to make treatment recommendations for this early, relatively non-specific illness phase. The next phase of research on PRS, just now beginning, has moved to larger, 'multisite' projects to increase generalizability and to ensure that sufficiently large samples at true risk for psychosis are included. Emphasis in these emerging studies is on: 1) identification of biomarkers for conversion to psychosis; 2) examination of non-antipsychotic, neuroprotective and low-risk pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic interventions; 3) testing of potentially phase-specific interventions; 4) examination of the relationship between treatment response during PRS and prognosis for the course of illness; 5) follow-up of patients who developed schizophrenia despite early interventions and comparison of illness trajectories with patients who did not receive early interventions; 6) characterization of individuals with outcomes other than schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, such as bipolar disorder and remission from PRS, including false positive cases; and 7) assessment of meaningful social and role functioning outcomes. While the research conducted to date has already yielded crucial information, the translation of the concept of a clinically identifiable PRS into clinical practice does not seem justified at this point.

PMID: 20214698 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Frequency of Sexual Dysfunction in Patients with a Psychotic Disorder Receiving Antipsychotics.

J Sex Med. 2010 Feb 25;

Authors: Montejo AL, Majadas S, Rico-Villademoros F, Llorca G, de la Gándara J, Franco M, Martín-Carrasco M, Aguera L, Prieto N,

ABSTRACT Introduction. Although it is a troublesome side effect, information on antipsychotic-induced sexual dysfunction is limited. Aim. To evaluate the frequency of sexual dysfunction and its impact on treatment adherence in patients with a psychotic disorder treated with various antipsychotics under routine clinical conditions. Methods. Subjects included were sexually active male and female patients 18 years of age or older with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, schizoaffective disorder, or other psychotic disorder. This was a multicenter, cross-sectional, and naturalistic study conducted by 18 investigators. In addition to sexual functioning, we recorded demographic data, psychiatric diagnosis according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition), and medication history. Main Outcome Measure. Pyschotropic-Related Sexual Dysfunction Questionnaire (PRSexDQ-SalSex). Results. All the analyses were performed in the 243 evaluable patients. Most patients were males (71%), and the most common diagnosis was schizophrenia (71%). Overall, 46% of the patients exhibited sexual dysfunction according to the assessment with the SalSex (50% of the males and 37% of the females). Only 37% of the patients with sexual dysfuntion spontaneously reported it. Among the patients exhibiting sexual dysfunction, 32% reported to have poor tolerance to the disturbance. With the exception of conventionals depot, which had a very important and greater effect on females' sexual funtioning, the severity and tolerance of sexual dysfunction were worse in males than in females regardless of the antipsychotic studied. In the univariate logistic regression analysis, using olanzapine as a reference category, risperidone (odds ratio [OR] 7.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.73-14.89) and conventionals, depot (OR 4.57, 95% CI 1.72-12.13) and nondepot (OR 4.92, 95% CI 1.43-16.93), showed a significant increased risk of sexual dysfunction. Conclusions. Our results show that sexual dysfunction is very common in patients receiving long-term treatment with antipsychotics, and it is associated with a great impact in a substantial proportion of patients. Montejo AL, Majadas S, Rico-Villademoros F, LLorca G, de la Gándara J, Franco M, Martín-Carrasco M, Aguera L, and Prieto N. Frequency of sexual dysfunction in patients with a psychotic disorder receiving antipsychotics. J Sex Med **;**:**-**.

PMID: 20214720 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

A case of 5-fluorouracil-induced acute psychosis.

Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2009 Jul;8(3):166-8

Authors: Fora A, Alabsi E, Fakih M

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is a chemotherapeutic agent commonly used in a number of solid malignancies, including colorectal cancer. Herein, we report the first case of 5-FU-induced psychosis. Psychosis occurred after the first 2 cycles of 5-FU, oxaliplatin, leucovorin, plus bevacizumab and recurred upon rechallenge with further 5-FU and leucovorin.

PMID: 19632932 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Mental health symptoms among rural-to-urban migrants in China: a comparison with their urban and rural counterparts.

World Health Popul. 2009;11(1):24-38

Authors: Li X, Stanton B, Fang X, Xiong Q, Yu S, Lin D, Hong Y, Zhang L, Chen X, Wang B

OBJECTIVE: To examine the mental health symptoms among rural-to-urban migrants in China, in comparison with representative samples of their counterparts in the rural areas from where they emigrated and urban communities to which they immigrated. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey conducted in 2004-2005 in China. Both rural-to-urban migrants (n=1006) and urban residents (n=1000) were recruited in Beijing; the rural resident sample (n=1020) was recruited from the eight provinces of origin for 75% of the migrant sample. Mental health symptoms were measured using the Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90). RESULTS: Both rural-to-urban migrants and rural residents scored higher than urban residents in all the SCL-90 global indices and subscales. The rural-to-urban migrants scored higher than rural residents on the SCL-90 Positive Symptom Distress Index and two subscales (depression and psychoticism). The difference remained significant after controlling for a number of key individual characteristics (age, gender, marital status, education, income and perceived general health) in the multivariate model. CONCLUSIONS: The data in the current study demonstrate that rural-to-urban migrants suffer from lower mental health status than both urban residents in the immigrating communities and their rural counterparts in the emigrating communities. The data suggest a possible deteriorative effect of migratory experience on mental health status among rural-to-urban migrants in China and suggest an urgent need for etiological studies and for mental health promotion and prevention efforts among this growing population.

PMID: 20039592 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Implementation of the thinking skills for work program in a psychosocial clubhouse.

Psychiatr Rehabil J. 2010;33(3):190-9

Authors: McGurk SR, Schiano D, Mueser KT, Wolfe R

OBJECTIVE: Cognitive remediation programs aimed at improving role functioning have been implemented in a variety of different mental health treatment settings, but not in psychosocial clubhouses. This study sought to determine the feasibility and preliminary outcomes of providing a cognitive remediation program (the Thinking Skills for Work program), developed and previously implemented in supported employment programs at mental health agencies, in a psychosocial club-house. METHODS: Twenty-three members with a history of difficulties getting or keeping jobs, who were participating in a supported employment program at a psychosocial clubhouse, were enrolled in the Thinking Skills for Work program. A neurocognitive battery was administered at baseline and 3 months later after completion of the computer cognitive training component of the program. Hours of competitive work were tracked for the 2 years before enrollment and 2 years following enrollment. Other work-related activities (school, volunteer) were also tracked for 2 years following enrollment. RESULTS: Twenty-one members (91%) completed 6 or more computer cognitive training sessions. Participants demonstrated significant improvements on neurocognitive measures of processing speed, verbal learning and memory, and executive functions. Sixty percent of the members obtained a competitive job during the 2-year follow-up, and 74% were involved in some type of work-related activity. Participants worked significantly more competitive hours over the 2 years after joining the Thinking Skills for Work program than before. CONCLUSIONS: The findings support the feasibility and promise of implementing the Thinking Skills for Work program in the context of supported employment provided at psychosocial clubhouses.

PMID: 20061255 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Exploring identity within the recovery process of people with serious mental illnesses.

Psychiatr Rehabil J. 2010;33(3):219-27

Authors: Buckley-Walker K, Crowe T, Caputi P

OBJECTIVE: To examine self-identity within the recovery processes of people with serious mental illnesses using a repertory grid methodology. METHOD: Cross-sectional study involving 40 mental health service consumers. Participants rated different "self" and "other" elements on the repertory grid against constructs related to recovery, as well as other recovery focused measures. RESULTS: Perceptions of one's "ideal self" represented more advanced recovery in contrast to perceptions of "a person mentally unwell." Current perceptions of self were most similar to perceptions of "usual self" and least similar to "a person who is mentally unwell." Increased identification with one's "ideal self" reflected increased hopefulness in terms of recovery. CONCLUSIONS: The recovery repertory grid shows promise in clinical practice, in terms of exploring identity as a key variable within mental health recovery processes. Distance measures of similarity between various self-elements, including perceptions of others, maps logically against the recovery process of hope.

PMID: 20061258 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

[Transsexualism or delusions of sex change? Avoiding misdiagnosis]

Psychiatr Pol. 2009 Nov-Dec;43(6):719-28

Authors: Urban M

The aim of this paper was to present basic data about gender identity disorders and psychotic transsexual desires. From time to time in scientific literature there are descriptions of a diagnosis of psychotic disorders in persons previously diagnosed and treated as transsexuals, in whom the transsexual thinking disappears after using antipsychotic agents. Coexistence of transsexualism and schizophrenia causes a lot of doubt--it is observed in scientists opinions but also in the diagnostic criteria of DSM-IV and ICD-10. Moreover, delusions of sex change are probably more frequent than it is thought. It causes, that in some cases the differential diagnosis of psychosis and gender identity disorders may be very difficult. Transsexuals treatment is on one hand connected with expected effects but on the other hand with many serious, often irreversible health consequences (e.g. cardiovascular disease, risk of neoplasma development, infertility, consequences of surgical sex reassignment). That is why the differential diagnosis of transsexualism and schizophrenia should be made carefully and thoughtfully.

PMID: 20209883 [PubMed - in process]

[Diagnostic criteria for fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.]

Arch Argent Pediatr. 2010 Feb;108(1):61-7

Authors: Evrard SG

Prenatal ethanol exposure, in our professional practice, is an almost neglected condition as an important etiological factor for the induction of a wide spectrum of neuropsychiatric diseases that may appear during childhood, adolescence or adulthood. Children born to alcoholic mothers may show a profound mental retardation ranging to an apparent normality, and extending through epilepsy, attention deficit disorders with or without hyperactivity, autism and pervasive developmental disorders, and different types of learning disorders. When adolescents, they may develop different kinds of personality disorders and substance abuse disorders. Finally, in adulthood, they may suffer from different types of affective and psychotic disorders, among others. A great number of those children may not develop their full mental and social potentiality as free individuals. They usually have diverse types of cognitive, attentional, mnemonic and affective impairments. Not infrequently, they engage in antisocial behaviors or have school or work troubles. In this work, the present clinical classifications and diagnostic criteria for the disorders emerging from a prenatal ethanol exposure are reviewed in order to call attention to the medical pediatric and neuropsychiatric community about the increasingly, although underdiagnosed, frequency of these disorders in our country.

PMID: 20204241 [PubMed - in process]

[Valproate induced hypoactive delirium in a bipolar disorder patient with psychotic features.]

Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2010;21(1):79-84

Authors: Ozen S, Bülbül I, Soyuçok E

Delirium may present with hyperactive, hypoactive or mixed clinical pictures. The signs of hypoactive delirium are lethargy, confusion, apathy, hypersomnia, muttering, difficulty in maintaining attention, and difficulty in understanding and performing commands. Valproate is commonly used for the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorders. It is also used for the management of alcohol withdrawal delirium and agitative-aggressive deliriums. However, few reports are available about the valproate-induced delirium. In this report, we present a 46 years-old woman with bipolar disorder for 14 years. During her last two hospital admissions, she had been diagnosed with manic episode with psychotic features and she had received valproate. She experienced three hypoactive delirium episodes lasting 2-3 days throughout the treatment period of first week. The patient predominantly had the following signs; vomiting, hypersalivation, confusion, drowsiness, dysphasia, and hypoactivity. At the first day of delirium episode, serum valproate level was found to be within the therapeutic range (98.4, 117.1, and 65.6 mug/ml; respectively). In addition, she had normal results of cranial MRI, complete blood count, urine analysis, electrocardiogram, ALT, AST, albumin, bilirubin, BUN, creatinine and electrolytes. The serum ammonia level of the patient could not been measured due to limitations of laboratory facilities. The patient's consciousness improved dramatically 2-3 days after cessation of valproate. In conclusion, valproate can induce delirium at therapeutic blood levels in some patients via various mechanisms and this side effect has to be considered during valproate use.

PMID: 20204907 [PubMed - in process]

The 16th Biennial Winter Workshop in Psychoses

A research conference focusing on Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorders and Other Psychoses

30 Jan - 2 Feb 2011, Innsbruck

Co-Chairs: Profs. Bernd Gallhofer (D) & Marion Leboyer (F)

Most Recent Articles Published on Psychoses